Review
If you only use short simple sentences, your writing will seem too simple for academic work. By connecting short sentences to each other, you can make your writing more academic and more interesting.
Here is a quick summary of how sentences are constructed.
The Clause
A clause is like a simple sentence. It expresses a complete idea. A clause must have both a subject and a verb.
Here are some examples of clauses:
- the student walked across the concourse
- Jessica has been playing the piano all night
- the table was set for dinner
- the baby cried
The following examples are not clauses:
- excited about the party
- on the table at the front of the room
- after working all night
- the woman in the red dress
Note: For more explanation, see the simple sentences guide.
Connecting Clauses
There are 4 common ways that we join clauses to each other.
Type 1: Use a comma and a coordinator (remember the FANBOYS acronym!)
| clause |
, for , and , nor , but , or , yet , so |
clause |
Example: She walked up to the man, and he spoke to her.
Type 2: Use a subordinator between the two clauses
| clause |
before since when if while although even though whereas because as |
clause |
Example: He did his homework before he turned on the TV.
Type 3: Use a subordinator at the beginning of a sentence and a comma after the first clause
|
since when if while although even though whereas because as |
clause | clause |
Example: Before he turned on the TV, he did his homework.
Type 4: Use a semi-colon, a conjunctive adverb or phrase, and a comma
| clause |
; therefore, ; as a result, ; otherwise, ; consequently, ; however, ; on the other hand, ; in contrast, ; nevertheless, ; in addition, ; for example, ; furthermore, ; in fact, |
clause |
Example: It was raining; therefore, she took her umbrella.